Sunday, January 29, 2023

Class 8th - English : Poem 1 - A Nation’s Strength (R. W. Emerson)

A Nation's Strength

William Ralph Emerson

What makes a nation's pillars high

And its foundations strong?
What makes it mighty to defy
The foes that round it throng?

It is not gold. Its kingdoms grand
Go down in battle shock;
Its shafts are laid on sinking sand,
Not on abiding rock.

Is it the sword? Ask the red dust
Of empires passed away;
The blood has turned their stones to rust,
Their glory to decay.

And is it pride? Ah, that bright crown
Has seemed to nations sweet;
But God has struck its luster down
In ashes at his feet.

Not gold but only men can make
A people great and strong;
Men who for truth and honor's sake
Stand fast and suffer long.

Brave men who work while others sleep,
Who dare while others fly...
They build a nation's pillars deep
And lift them to the sky.

"A Nation's Strength" is a poem by Ralph Waldo Emerson that reflects on the power of a nation being derived from the character and spirit of its people.

SUMMARY

This poem reflects on what makes a nation strong and successful. The poet suggests that wealth and military power are not the defining factors, as gold and empires fade away. Instead, the poem argues that a nation's true strength lies in the character of its people. It suggests that the real foundation of a nation is built by people who are brave, work hard, and are willing to stand up for truth and honor, even when others do not. The poem argues that these qualities of character are what lift a nation to greatness. In conclusion, the poem suggests that the strength of a nation is dependent on the inner qualities of its people, such as their character, virtue, education, and wisdom. The poem encourages individuals to strive for personal growth and development in order to contribute to the strength and success of the nation as a whole.

GLOSSARY

1. Pillars: a large, vertical structure that supports something, often used to symbolize strength or support.

2.      Foundations: the basis or underlying structure of something.

3.      Defy: resist or challenge something.

4.      Throng: a large crowd of people.

5.      Kingdoms: a sovereign state or territory ruled by a monarch.

6.      Battle shock: the impact or effect of a battle.

7.      Shafts: a vertical support or structure.

8.  Sinking sand: loose sand that gives way when weight is placed on it, symbolizing instability.

9.      Red dust: the aftermath of a battle or war, symbolizing death and destruction.

10. Empires: a large, powerful political system.

11. Crown: a symbol of royalty or high status.

12. Luster: brightness or shine.

13. Ashes: the remains of something that has been burned or destroyed.

14. Suffer long: endure a long period of difficulty or hardship.

15. Brave: having or showing courage.

16. Work: engage in an activity in order to achieve a goal.

17. Dare: to be willing to take a risk or do something difficult.

18. Fly: run away from a difficult or dangerous situation.

19. Lift: raise or elevate something.

PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTIONS OF WORDS

Pillars: /ˈpɪlərz/ Foundations: /faʊnˈdeɪʃənz/ Defy: /dɪˈfaɪ/ Throng: /θrɔːŋ/ Kingdoms: /ˈkɪŋdəmz/ Battle shock: /ˈbætl ʃɑːk/ Shafts: /ʃæfts/ Sinking sand: /ˈsɪŋkɪŋ sænd/ Red dust: /red dʌst/ Empires: /ˈɛmpaɪərz/ Crown: /kraʊn/ Luster: /ˈlʌstər/ Ashes: /ˈæʃɪz/ Suffer long: /ˈsʌfər lɒŋ/ Brave: /breɪv/ Work: /wɜːrk/ Dare: /dɛər/ Fly: /flaɪ/ Lift: /lɪft/

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE POEM

The poem "What makes a nation's pillars high" is a reflection on the factors that contribute to the strength and stability of a nation. The speaker poses several questions about what gives a nation its strength, and dismisses several potential answers: not gold, not the sword, and not pride. The speaker then concludes that the true foundation of a nation's strength lies in the character of its people. Brave, hardworking men who stand for truth and honor are the ones who truly make a nation great and strong.

The structure of the poem is made up of five quatrains, with each quatrain exploring a different potential answer to the question of what makes a nation strong. The final quatrain serves as the conclusion, presenting the author's belief that the people are the true foundation of a nation's strength. The rhyme scheme is AABB, with the second and fourth lines of each quatrain rhyming. This creates a sense of unity and coherence throughout the poem, reinforcing the central idea of the importance of the people in making a nation great.

POETIC DEVICES USED IN THE POEM

1. Alliteration - The repetition of the sound "m" in "makes a nation's pillars high" and "Its              foundations strong."

2.  Rhyme - The poem follows a rhyming pattern of AABB.

3. Metaphor - The comparison of a nation's strength to its pillars being high and its                              foundations being strong.

4.   Hyperbole - The statement "Its shafts are laid on sinking sand" is an exaggeration to                          emphasize the fragility of kingdoms built on wealth and power.

5. Personification - The use of the word "rust" to describe the death of empires, giving the inanimate object of stones human-like qualities.

6. Antithesis - The contrast between gold and men, with gold being seen as inferior to the power of men.

7.   Repetition - The phrase "Ask the red dust" is repeated in line 9, emphasizing the                                inevitability of the death of empires built on violence.

8.   Symbolism - The use of the crown to represent pride and the ashes at God's feet to                              symbolize the destruction of pride.

9.   Imagery - The use of the words "red dust," "rust," and "ashes" creates a visual image of                      decay and destruction.

WORKING WITH THE TEXT:

Q1. In the first stanza, the poet wonders about certain things. What are they?

Ans. In the first stanza, the poet wonders about the strength of a nation and what makes it great.

Q2. What are the foundations of a strong kingdom built on?

Ans. The foundations of a strong kingdom are built on truth, justice, and right, and strong faith in God.

 Q3. What happens to a nation which depends on an army to keep it strong?

Ans. A nation which depends on an army to keep it strong is not truly strong and will eventually fall.

Q4. When a nation becomes proud, what does God do?

Ans. When a nation becomes proud, God brings it low.

Q5. Do you think that wealth can make a nation great and strong?

Ans. No, wealth cannot make a nation great and strong. A nation must have moral and spiritual strength in order to be truly great.

Q6. What can the brave do?

Ans. The brave can help to build a nation's pillars, strengthen it, and preserve its freedoms.

Q7. Explain the following lines:

They build a nation's pillars deep

 And lift them to the sky.

Ans. The lines refer to the act of building a nation's foundations to be strong and solid, so that it can be lifted up to reach great heights and achieve greatness.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQS) [ Try Yourself  ]

1. What is the main idea of the poem?

a. Money and gold make a nation strong

b. Swords and pride make a nation great

c. Men and bravery make a nation strong

d. Empires and their red dust are proof of greatness

2. What does the author say about gold in the poem?

a. It makes a nation strong

b. It makes a nation's kingdoms grand

c. It does not make a nation strong

d. It builds a nation's pillars deep

 

3. What is the author's opinion on the sword?

a. It makes a nation great

b. It has turned to rust and decay

c. It makes a nation's foundations strong

d. It builds a nation's pillars high

 

4. How does the author view pride in the poem?

a. It is sweet for nations but God has struck it down

b. It is not important for a nation's greatness

c. It makes a nation mighty to defy its foes

d. It builds a nation's pillars to the sky

5. What is the author's conclusion about the building blocks of a strong nation?

a. Only gold can make a people great and strong

b. Only pride can make a people great and strong

c. Only men who work and dare can make a people great and strong

d. Only empires and their red dust can make a people great and strong.

LANGUAGE WORK

1. In this poem certain consonantal sounds dominate, e.g., m, n, f. s. r. d. p, h, b, g, l.                              

    List the words beginning with these consonants.

Ans.

The following words begin with the consonants mentioned:

m: makes, moral

n: nation's

f: faith

s: strong, solid, standing

r: right

d: deep

p: pillars, pride

h: high, hands

b: build, brave

l: lift



Q. Determine a theme of the poem A Nation's Strength; summarize the poem 


The theme of "A Nation's Strength" is the idea that a nation's true strength lies in its people and their character, rather than its military or economic power.

Ans: The poem describes how a nation's physical wealth and military power are not enough to make it truly strong. Instead, a nation's real strength lies in the character of its people, such as their courage, justice, wisdom, and love for their country. The poem concludes that this kind of strength is what gives a nation the ability to endure and overcome adversity.


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